"OR" or Unions

Mutually Exclusive Events

Two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time. Another word that means mutually exclusive is disjoint.

If two events are disjoint, then the probability of them both occurring at the same time is 0.

   Disjoint:  P(A and B) = 0

If two events are mutually exclusive, then the probability of either occurring is the sum of the probabilities of each occurring.

Specific Addition Rule

Only valid when the events are mutually exclusive.

   P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)

Example 1:

Given: P(A) = 0.20, P(B) = 0.70, A and B are disjoint

I like to use what's called a joint probability distribution. (Since disjoint means nothing in common, joint is what they have in common -- so the values that go on the inside portion of the table are the intersections or "and"s of each pair of events). "Marginal" is another word for totals -- it's called marginal because they appear in the margins.

The values in red are given in the problem. The grand total is always 1.00. The rest of the values are obtained by addition and subtraction.

Non-Mutually Exclusive Events

In events which aren't mutually exclusive, there is some overlap. When P(A) and P(B) are added, the probability of the intersection (and) is added twice. To compensate for that double addition, the intersection needs to be subtracted.

General Addition Rule

Always valid.

   P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)

Example 2:

Given P(A) = 0.20, P(B) = 0.70, P(A and B) = 0.15

Interpreting the table

Certain things can be determined from the joint probability distribution. Mutually exclusive events will have a probability of zero. All inclusive events will have a zero opposite the intersection. All inclusive means that there is nothing outside of those two events: P(A or B) = 1.

"AND" or Intersections

Independent Events

Two events are independent if the occurrence of one does not change the probability of the other occurring.

An example would be rolling a 2 on a die and flipping a head on a coin. Rolling the 2 does not affect the probability of flipping the head.

If events are independent, then the probability of them both occurring is the product of the probabilities of each occurring.

Specific Multiplication Rule

Only valid for independent events

   P(A and B) = P(A) * P(B)

Example 3:

P(A) = 0.20, P(B) = 0.70, A and B are independent.

The 0.14 is because the probability of A and B is the probability of A times the probability of B or 0.20 * 0.70 = 0.14.

Dependent Events

If the occurrence of one event does affect the probability of the other occurring, then the events are dependent.

Conditional Probability

The probability of event B occurring that event A has already occurred is read "the probability of B given A" and is written: P(B|A)

General Multiplication Rule

Always works.

   P(A and B) = P(A) * P(B|A)

Example 4:

P(A) = 0.20, P(B) = 0.70, P(B|A) = 0.40

A good way to think of P(B|A) is that 40% of A is B. 40% of the 20% which was in event A is 8%, thus the intersection is 0.08.

Independence Revisited

The following four statements are equivalent

1. A and B are independent events
2. P(A and B) = P(A) * P(B)
3. P(A|B) = P(A)
4. P(B|A) = P(B)

The last two are because if two events are independent, the occurrence of one doesn't change the probability of the occurrence of the other. This means that the probability of B occurring, whether A has happened or not, is simply the probability of B occurring. 

For more information click here:www.math.unb.ca/~knight/webstaty.htm

This are gild items.

Gold Plated Stop Lamp from Vintage Car		Antiques Restoration Project: Knives Before and After Silver Plating
Gold Plated Plastic Golf Ball		Repairing Contacts on a Printed Circuit Board
Restored silver plated goblets		golden Egg plated
golden  kettles		Gold plated mobile phone